Wealth inequality 10 times income inequality in United States

The wealth inequality between the bottom 10% and the top 10% in America is greater than ten times the income inequality between the bottom 10% and the top 10% in America, suggesting, perhaps, that much wealth is tied up in unrealized appreciation of family businesses, real estate, and securities portfolios, that higher earners put their money to work while low earners do not, and/or that the low income earners do not have enough money left over after meeting expenses to invest or save:

The best way to give people a sense of where they stand is to lay out some data. Every three years the Federal Reserve Board conducts a national survey that tracks the financial health of American households.

The Fed slices and dices this stuff with the vigor of an Iron Chef; the result is a rich, if dry, array of offerings on household net worth, pension and income levels, plus other demographic side dishes.

Whenever I slip these tidbits into cocktail party chatter, people are surprised to realize how little money it takes to win a gold star from the Fed. If you and yours are bringing in $40,000 a year, you're doing better than half the households in America.

Or, as a Washington think tank recently pointed out: If you're a teacher married to a policeman, your combined household income puts you in the top 25 percent of all households in the nation.

Below you'll find the average income picture sliced into income levels. Think of this chart as a parking ramp. If your household income is $170,000, you're among the nation's top 10 percent wage earners and get to park on the top floor.

Anything in six figures means you're in the top 20 percent and get to park on the floor right below.

Annual income parking ramp
Income level (percentile) Median income (rounded)

Level VI (90 to 100) $170,000
Level V (80 to 89.9) $99,000
Level IV (60 to 79.9) $65,000
Level III (40 to 59.9) $40,000
Level II (20 to 39.9) $24,000
Level I (less than 20) $10,000

Source: Before-Tax Family Income, 2001 Federal Reserve Board Survey

So does making $170,000 a year make a person rich? Last year a plurality of respondents (29 percent) in a survey by The New York Times said that "rich" was making between $100,000 and $200,000 a year. Unfortunately, the survey didn't break out how many people in that salary range considered themselves rich. If the people I talk to are any indication, very few do.

Of course, income is only one part of the equation defining where you stand. Net worth is more telling. Net worth, as every financially precocious schoolchild knows, is the sum of one's assets -- home equity, investments, savings accounts, retirement funds, cars, furnishings and such things as jewelry, furs, wine collection, old baseball cards -- minus all outstanding liabilities such as mortgage balance, revolving and credit card debt, college loans and so on. Across all households, the national median net worth is $86,000. Half of your fellow citizens have more than that, half less. As you see, there's a massive disparity between the haves and have-nots.

Net worth parking ramp
Net worth (percentile) Median net worth (rounded)

Level VI (90 to 100) $833,600
Level V (80 to 89.9) $263,100
Level IV (60 to 79.9) $141,500
Level III (40 to 59.9) $62,500
Level II (20 to 39.9) $37,200
Level I (less than 20) $7,900

Source: Family Net Worth, 2001 Federal Reserve Board Survey

Where Do You Stand On America's Wealth Spectrum?, Bankrate.com, 11/1/2007

Also clear is that the distinction between wealth and income remains lost on the vast majority of Americans and most journalists, as well.

Can Money Buy Happiness? (Money Magazine)

Can Money Buy Happiness? asks a Money Magazine article reprinted on the Forbes website. Among the obvservations:

The new science of happiness starts with a simple insight: We're never satisfied. "We always think if we just had a little bit more money, we'd be happier," says Catherine Sanderson, a psychology professor at Amherst College, "but when we get there, we're not." Indeed, the more you make, the more you want. The more you have, the less effective it is at bringing you joy, and that seeming paradox has long bedeviled economists. "Once you get basic human needs met, a lot more money doesn't make a lot more happiness," notes Dan Gilbert, a psychology professor at Harvard University and the author of the new book Stumbling on Happiness. As the graphic at left shows, going from earning less than $20,000 a year to making more than $50,000 makes you twice as likely to be happy, yet the payoff for then surpassing $90,000 is slight. And while the rich are happier than the poor, the enormous rise in living standards over the past 50 years hasn't made Americans happier.

(emphasis added)

Interestingly, the recommendations to improve your happiness involve spending money, but with preference to certain expenditures over others:

SMALL PLEASURES

LATTE

Don't discount the satisfaction you can get from something as trivial as a good cup of coffee. Furthermore, casual encounters with familiar people like the barista at your local Starbucks or the guy at the newsstand have a bigger effect on your happiness than you might realize.

UPDATE 8/9/2007: Meanwhile, many financial advisor target this "Starbucks" factor as the first area to cut spending to get one's finances in shape. See, for example:

Every Penny Counts by Christine Haughney, New York Times, 7/29/2007;

Creating an emergency fund by Cheryl Allebrand, Bankrate.com, 7/23/2007:

Q: The solution I've heard most often to cut corners and start saving is giving up coffeehouse coffee. I'm not sure how caffeinated authors think we are, but is that really the solution -- give up the demon drink and you'll be financially secure? Or do you have some advice for tea drinkers?

A: I think one of the keys to financial security is about seeing what money's coming in and going out. That's where the latte factor comes in. Do you have to focus on every latte? No. See what your committed expenses are -- including taxes and the six things you have to pay every month like utilities and car payment -- and try to limit them to 60 percent of your total gross income. Look at savings: Invest 20 percent in long-term savings (education, retirement) and then you have 20 percent left. Ten percent is for your emergency fund. You never know when the boiler's going to break. That's where emergency money comes in. The 10 percent that's left is fun money, this is what partners divvy up -- 5 percent each. If you don't have 5 percent that month, you don't have the fun.

(interview with Sharon Epperson)

Rich Get More Sleep Than Poor

An example of the health impact of socioeconomic status, a study found that - surprisingly - the higher one's income, the more sleep one tended to get:

The amount of sleep people got increased with their income, and this effect was stronger for the black participants than the whites.

There are a number of potential explanations for the findings, Lauderdale noted. People who make less money may have more worries that prevent them from sleeping well. They could be living in noisier, less comfortable environments, and they may have more health problems.

The racial and economic sleep differences detected in this study could help explain the well-known disparities in health that exist between blacks and whites, [the reseracher] added.

American Journal of Epidemiology, July 1, 2006, as reported by Reuters, June 29, 2006.

See also: Money not imporant, but...